diff --git a/include/internal/vase/shard.h b/include/internal/vase/shard.h
index 9b4ec65..7c297eb 100644
--- a/include/internal/vase/shard.h
+++ b/include/internal/vase/shard.h
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ struct Shard {
   static void retain(Shard *n);
   static void release(Shard *n);
 
-  static Shard *from_file(const std::filesystem::path &path, bool posix_ending);
-  static Shard *from_string(const char *data, uint64_t len, bool posix_ending);
-  static Shard *from_command(const char *cmd, bool posix_ending);
+  static Shard *from_file(const std::filesystem::path &path);
+  static Shard *from_string(const char *data, uint64_t len);
+  static Shard *from_command(const char *cmd);
 
   static std::pair<Shard *, Shard *> split(Shard *n, uint64_t offset);
   static Shard *concat(Shard *a, Shard *b);
diff --git a/src/internal/buffer/special/clip.cc b/src/internal/buffer/special/clip.cc
index e52ed68..670be23 100644
--- a/src/internal/buffer/special/clip.cc
+++ b/src/internal/buffer/special/clip.cc
@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@ bool ClipBuffer::waste() {
 void ClipBuffer::saved_hook() {}
 
 uint64_t ClipBuffer::lines() {
-  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o", true);
+  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o");
   uint64_t lines = s ? s->lines + 1 : 0;
   vase::Shard::release(s);
   return lines;
 }
 
 uint64_t ClipBuffer::bytes() {
-  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o", true);
+  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o");
   uint64_t length = s ? s->length + 1 : 0;
   vase::Shard::release(s);
   return length;
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ void ClipBuffer::append(BEd &ctx, vase::Shard *text, uint64_t line) {
   ctx.prev().buffername = name;
   ctx.prev().start = line + 1;
   ctx.prev().end = line + (text ? text->lines + 1 : 0);
-  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o", true);
+  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o");
   s = vase::insert(&ctx.append, s, text, line);
   clip_write(s);
   vase::Shard::release(s);
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ void ClipBuffer::append(BEd &ctx, vase::Shard *text, uint64_t line) {
 }
 
 void ClipBuffer::remove(BEd &ctx, uint64_t start_line, uint64_t end_line) {
-  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o", true);
+  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o");
   s = vase::erase(s, start_line, end_line);
   clip_write(s);
   ctx.prev().buffername = name;
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ void ClipBuffer::replace(BEd &ctx, vase::Shard *text, uint64_t start_line, uint6
   ctx.prev().end = start_line + text->lines;
   uint64_t new_count = text->lines + 1;
   uint64_t old_count = end_line - start_line + 1;
-  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o", true);
+  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o");
   s = vase::replace(s, text, start_line, end_line);
   clip_write(s);
   vase::Shard::release(s);
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ void ClipBuffer::replace(BEd &ctx, vase::Shard *text, uint64_t start_line, uint6
 }
 
 void ClipBuffer::join(BEd &ctx, uint64_t start_line, uint64_t end_line) {
-  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o", true);
+  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o");
   s = vase::join(s, start_line, end_line);
   clip_write(s);
   vase::Shard::release(s);
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ void ClipBuffer::substitute(
   ctx.prev().buffername = name;
   ctx.prev().start = start_line;
   ctx.prev().end = end_line;
-  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o", true);
+  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o");
   s = vase::substitute(
     &ctx.append,
     s,
@@ -138,21 +138,21 @@ void ClipBuffer::substitute(
 }
 
 vase::Shard *ClipBuffer::copy(uint64_t start_line, uint64_t end_line) {
-  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o", true);
+  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o");
   vase::Shard *o = vase::copy(s, start_line, end_line);
   vase::Shard::release(s);
   return o;
 }
 
 uint64_t ClipBuffer::find_next(std::string_view pattern, uint64_t start) {
-  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o", true);
+  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o");
   uint64_t line = vase::find_next(s, pattern, start);
   vase::Shard::release(s);
   return line;
 }
 
 uint64_t ClipBuffer::find_prev(std::string_view pattern, uint64_t start) {
-  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o", true);
+  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o");
   uint64_t line = vase::find_prev(s, pattern, start);
   vase::Shard::release(s);
   return line;
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ void ClipBuffer::print(BEd &ctx, uint64_t start_line, uint64_t end_line) {
   ctx.prev().buffername = name;
   ctx.prev().start = start_line;
   ctx.prev().end = end_line;
-  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o", true);
+  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o");
   vase::Iterator it(s, start_line - 1, Direction::Forward);
   while (it.next() && start_line++ <= end_line)
     ctx.io.write_line(it.line);
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ void ClipBuffer::number_print(BEd &ctx, uint64_t start_line, uint64_t end_line)
   uint8_t width = 1;
   for (uint64_t n = end_line; n >= 10; n /= 10)
     ++width;
-  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o", true);
+  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o");
   vase::Iterator it(s, start_line - 1, Direction::Forward);
   while (it.next() && start_line <= end_line)
     ctx.io.write_line(std::format("{:>{}}\t{}", start_line++, width, it.line));
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ void ClipBuffer::list_print(BEd &ctx, uint64_t start_line, uint64_t end_line) {
   ctx.prev().buffername = name;
   ctx.prev().start = start_line;
   ctx.prev().end = end_line;
-  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o", true);
+  auto s = vase::Shard::from_command("xclip -selection clipboard -o");
   vase::Iterator it(s, start_line - 1, Direction::Forward);
   while (it.next() && start_line++ <= end_line)
     ctx.io.write_line(list_string(it.line));
diff --git a/src/internal/functions/extended.cc b/src/internal/functions/extended.cc
index 4dab381..36bdfdd 100644
--- a/src/internal/functions/extended.cc
+++ b/src/internal/functions/extended.cc
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ void Function::register_extented(BEd &ctx) {
         ctx.io.write("=> ", 3);
         auto parser = syntax::MiniParser(
           *ctx.languages["ruby"],
-          vase::Shard::from_string(line.data(), line.size(), true),
+          vase::Shard::from_string(line.data(), line.size()),
           nullptr
         );
         const auto &tokens = parser.lines[0].second;
diff --git a/src/internal/functions/posix.cc b/src/internal/functions/posix.cc
index 6fe964c..90d0648 100644
--- a/src/internal/functions/posix.cc
+++ b/src/internal/functions/posix.cc
@@ -144,17 +144,17 @@ void Function::register_posix(BEd &ctx) {
         vase::Shard *s = nullptr;
         if (std::holds_alternative<std::filesystem::path>(arg)) {
           auto path = std::get<std::filesystem::path>(arg);
-          s = vase::Shard::from_file(path, true);
+          s = vase::Shard::from_file(path);
           buf.set_filename(path);
         } else if (std::holds_alternative<ShellArg>(arg)) {
           auto cmd = std::get<ShellArg>(arg).cmd;
           ctx.escape_command(cmd, buf.filename().string());
-          s = vase::Shard::from_command(cmd.c_str(), true);
+          s = vase::Shard::from_command(cmd.c_str());
         } else {
           auto path = buf.filename();
           if (path.empty())
             throw ed_error("Need filename.");
-          s = vase::Shard::from_file(path, true);
+          s = vase::Shard::from_file(path);
         };
         try {
           buf.load(ctx, s);
@@ -190,17 +190,17 @@ void Function::register_posix(BEd &ctx) {
         vase::Shard *s = nullptr;
         if (std::holds_alternative<std::filesystem::path>(arg)) {
           auto path = std::get<std::filesystem::path>(arg);
-          s = vase::Shard::from_file(path, true);
+          s = vase::Shard::from_file(path);
           buf.set_filename(path);
         } else if (std::holds_alternative<ShellArg>(arg)) {
           auto cmd = std::get<ShellArg>(arg).cmd;
           ctx.escape_command(cmd, buf.filename().string());
-          s = vase::Shard::from_command(cmd.c_str(), true);
+          s = vase::Shard::from_command(cmd.c_str());
         } else {
           auto path = buf.filename();
           if (path.empty())
             throw ed_error("Need filename.");
-          s = vase::Shard::from_file(path, true);
+          s = vase::Shard::from_file(path);
         };
         try {
           buf.load(ctx, s);
@@ -588,18 +588,18 @@ void Function::register_posix(BEd &ctx) {
         vase::Shard *s = nullptr;
         if (std::holds_alternative<std::filesystem::path>(arg)) {
           auto path = std::get<std::filesystem::path>(arg);
-          s = vase::Shard::from_file(path, true);
+          s = vase::Shard::from_file(path);
           if (buf.filename().empty())
             buf.set_filename(path);
         } else if (std::holds_alternative<ShellArg>(arg)) {
           auto cmd = std::get<ShellArg>(arg).cmd;
           ctx.escape_command(cmd, buf.filename().string());
-          s = vase::Shard::from_command(cmd.c_str(), true);
+          s = vase::Shard::from_command(cmd.c_str());
         } else {
           auto path = buf.filename();
           if (path.empty())
             throw ed_error("Need filename.");
-          s = vase::Shard::from_file(path, true);
+          s = vase::Shard::from_file(path);
         };
         try {
           buf.append(ctx, s, addr.number);
diff --git a/src/internal/vase/shard.cc b/src/internal/vase/shard.cc
index 25a1357..5aa2224 100644
--- a/src/internal/vase/shard.cc
+++ b/src/internal/vase/shard.cc
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ Shard *Shard::build(Shard **pieces, uint64_t lo, uint64_t hi) {
   return node;
 }
 
-Shard *Shard::from_command(const char *cmd, bool posix_ending) {
+Shard *Shard::from_command(const char *cmd) {
   auto o = new OriginalStorage("/tmp");
   int dest_fd = o->fd;
   if (dest_fd == -1) {
@@ -278,23 +278,21 @@ Shard *Shard::from_command(const char *cmd, bool posix_ending) {
     io::IO::enable_raw();
     return nullptr;
   }
-  if (posix_ending) {
-    if (ending[1] == '\n') {
-      Petal *last = (Petal *)pieces.back();
-      last->lines--;
-      last->length--;
-      if (last->length == 0) {
-        Shard::release(last);
-        pieces.pop_back();
-        last = nullptr;
-        if (!pieces.empty())
-          last = (Petal *)pieces.back();
-        else
-          return nullptr;
-      }
-      if (last && ending[0] == '\r')
-        last->length--;
+  if (ending[1] == '\n') {
+    Petal *last = (Petal *)pieces.back();
+    last->lines--;
+    last->length--;
+    if (last->length == 0) {
+      Shard::release(last);
+      pieces.pop_back();
+      last = nullptr;
+      if (!pieces.empty())
+        last = (Petal *)pieces.back();
+      else
+        return nullptr;
     }
+    if (last && ending[0] == '\r')
+      last->length--;
   }
   o->initialize();
   io::IO::enable_raw();
@@ -303,7 +301,7 @@ Shard *Shard::from_command(const char *cmd, bool posix_ending) {
   return build(pieces.data(), 0, pieces.size());
 }
 
-Shard *Shard::from_file(const std::filesystem::path &path, bool posix_ending) {
+Shard *Shard::from_file(const std::filesystem::path &path) {
   auto o = new OriginalStorage("/tmp");
   int dest_fd = o->fd;
   if (dest_fd == -1) {
@@ -313,10 +311,10 @@ Shard *Shard::from_file(const std::filesystem::path &path, bool posix_ending) {
   int src_fd = open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY);
   if (src_fd == -1) {
     delete o;
-    return nullptr;
+    throw ed_error("Couldn't open file.");
   }
   uint64_t total = std::filesystem::file_size(path);
-  if (posix_ending && total > 0) {
+  if (total > 0) {
     char last;
     if (pread(src_fd, &last, 1, (off_t)(total - 1)) != 1) {
       delete o;
@@ -381,7 +379,7 @@ Shard *Shard::from_file(const std::filesystem::path &path, bool posix_ending) {
   return build(pieces.data(), 0, pieces.size());
 }
 
-Shard *Shard::from_string(const char *data, uint64_t len, bool posix_ending) {
+Shard *Shard::from_string(const char *data, uint64_t len) {
   auto o = new OriginalStorage("/tmp");
   int dest_fd = o->fd;
   if (dest_fd == -1 || data == nullptr) {
@@ -389,7 +387,7 @@ Shard *Shard::from_string(const char *data, uint64_t len, bool posix_ending) {
     return nullptr;
   }
   uint64_t total = len;
-  if (posix_ending && total > 0) {
+  if (total > 0) {
     if (data[total - 1] == '\n') {
       total--;
       if (total > 0 && data[total - 1] == '\r')