diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index eee5fdc..b8547c6 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ done.
 
 Ed is an ed (the posix line editor) implementation using `Vase`.
 <br/>
-Not done yet.
+Mostly done.
 
 #### `hl`
 
diff --git a/include/commands/ed/ed.h b/include/commands/ed/ed.h
index d41b383..190b4b6 100644
--- a/include/commands/ed/ed.h
+++ b/include/commands/ed/ed.h
@@ -19,9 +19,13 @@ struct Command {
     Print,
     Number,
     Append,
+    Insert,
     Change,
     Delete,
     Write,
+    Edit,
+    ForceEdit,
+    Filename,
     Dump,
     None
   } type;
@@ -56,22 +60,24 @@ struct Ed {
   uint64_t line = 0;
   bool modified = false;
   bool quitting = false;
+  bool editing = false;
   uint64_t marks[26]{0};
   std::string last_regex = "";
   bool help_mode = false;
   bool suppress_mode = false;
   bool prompt_mode = false;
   std::string prompt = "*";
+  std::filesystem::path save_path = "";
   std::string last_message = "";
 
-  Ed(std::filesystem::path file, bool suppress_mode, std::string prompt_)
-      : vase(file, "/tmp"), suppress_mode(suppress_mode), prompt(prompt_) {
+  Ed(std::string file_path, bool suppress_mode, std::string prompt_)
+      : vase("/tmp"), suppress_mode(suppress_mode), prompt(prompt_) {
     if (prompt == "")
       prompt = "*";
     else
       prompt_mode = true;
-    line = vase.lines();
-    std::cout << vase.length() << std::endl;
+    if (file_path != "")
+      handle("E " + file_path, false);
   }
 
   void parse_address(std::string_view cmd, uint64_t &i, Command::Address &addr);
diff --git a/include/internal/vase/shard.h b/include/internal/vase/shard.h
index d0a5991..81e31c8 100644
--- a/include/internal/vase/shard.h
+++ b/include/internal/vase/shard.h
@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ struct Shard {
   static void retain(Shard *n);
   static void release(Shard *n);
 
-  static Shard *from_file(std::filesystem::path path, OriginalBuffer *b, bool posix_ending);
-  static std::vector<Shard *> from_swap(std::filesystem::path path, OriginalBuffer *b);
+  static Shard *from_file(std::filesystem::path &path, OriginalBuffer *b, bool posix_ending);
+  static Shard *from_command(const char *cmd, OriginalBuffer *o, bool posix_ending);
+  static std::vector<Shard *> from_swap(std::filesystem::path &path, OriginalBuffer *b);
 
   static std::pair<Shard *, Shard *> split(Shard *n, uint64_t offset);
   static Shard *concat(Shard *left, Shard *right);
diff --git a/include/internal/vase/vase.h b/include/internal/vase/vase.h
index bbaf0d7..0d673f8 100644
--- a/include/internal/vase/vase.h
+++ b/include/internal/vase/vase.h
@@ -56,7 +56,13 @@ struct Vase {
   std::filesystem::path swapdir;
 
   Vase(std::filesystem::path path, std::filesystem::path swapdir);
+  Vase(std::string cmd, std::filesystem::path swapdir);
+  Vase(std::filesystem::path swapdir);
   ~Vase();
+  Vase(Vase &&other) noexcept;
+  Vase &operator=(Vase &&other) noexcept;
+  Vase(const Vase &) = delete;
+  Vase &operator=(const Vase &) = delete;
 
   uint64_t length();
   uint64_t lines();
diff --git a/src/commands/ed/ed.cc b/src/commands/ed/ed.cc
index d9919b0..7f05e4b 100644
--- a/src/commands/ed/ed.cc
+++ b/src/commands/ed/ed.cc
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ void help() {}
 
 void run(std::vector<std::string> args) {
   std::string prompt = "";
-  std::filesystem::path filepath;
+  std::string file;
   bool suppress = false;
   for (size_t i = 1; i < args.size(); i++) {
     if (args[i] == "-p") {
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ void run(std::vector<std::string> args) {
     } else if (args[i] == "-s") {
       suppress = true;
     } else {
-      if (filepath.string().size())
+      if (file.size())
         throw crib::cli::cli_error("Invalid arguments given.", 1);
-      filepath = args[i];
+      file = args[i];
     }
   }
-  Ed ed(filepath, suppress, prompt);
+  Ed ed(file, suppress, prompt);
   std::string command;
   while (true) {
     std::string cmd;
diff --git a/src/commands/ed/handle.cc b/src/commands/ed/handle.cc
index 5e9c1a1..9e3c163 100644
--- a/src/commands/ed/handle.cc
+++ b/src/commands/ed/handle.cc
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ bool Ed::handle(std::string cmd, bool eof) {
     Command command = parse(cmd, eof);
     bool was_quitting = quitting;
     quitting = false;
+    bool was_editing = editing;
+    editing = false;
     switch (command.type) {
     case Command::Type::Quit:
       if (modified && !was_quitting) {
@@ -97,8 +99,6 @@ bool Ed::handle(std::string cmd, bool eof) {
         text.append(cline);
         text.push_back('\n');
       }
-      if (std::cin.eof())
-        throw ed_error("EOF reached before '.' during text input.");
       if (command.start.type != Command::Address::Type::None) {
         if (command.address_flags & Command::RANGE)
           resolve_address(command.end, &line);
@@ -115,6 +115,32 @@ bool Ed::handle(std::string cmd, bool eof) {
       modified = true;
       line += line_count;
     } break;
+    case Command::Type::Insert: {
+      std::string text;
+      std::string cline;
+      uint64_t line_count = 0;
+      while (std::getline(std::cin, cline)) {
+        if (cline == ".")
+          break;
+        line_count++;
+        text.append(cline);
+        text.push_back('\n');
+      }
+      if (command.start.type != Command::Address::Type::None) {
+        if (command.address_flags & Command::RANGE)
+          resolve_address(command.end, &line);
+        else
+          resolve_address(command.start, &line);
+      }
+      if (line == 0)
+        line = 1;
+      if (text.empty())
+        break;
+      vase.snapshot();
+      append(text, line - 1);
+      modified = true;
+      line += line_count - 1;
+    } break;
     case Command::Type::Change: {
       uint64_t line_start = line;
       uint64_t line_end = line;
@@ -138,8 +164,6 @@ bool Ed::handle(std::string cmd, bool eof) {
         text.append(cline);
         text.push_back('\n');
       }
-      if (std::cin.eof())
-        throw ed_error("EOF reached before '.' during text input.");
       vase.snapshot();
       remove(line_start, line_end);
       line = line_start;
@@ -172,9 +196,9 @@ bool Ed::handle(std::string cmd, bool eof) {
     case Command::Type::Write: {
       std::string path = command.argument;
       if (path.empty()) {
-        path = vase.path;
+        path = save_path;
         if (path.empty())
-          throw ed_error("Need filename to write to.");
+          throw ed_error("Need file to write to.");
       }
       uint64_t line_start = 1;
       uint64_t line_end = vase.lines();
@@ -207,7 +231,6 @@ bool Ed::handle(std::string cmd, bool eof) {
         if (pclose(pipe) == -1)
           throw ed_error("Error closing command.");
       } else {
-        vase.path = path;
         std::ofstream file(path, std::ios::out | std::ios::trunc);
         if (!file)
           throw ed_error("Error writing to file.");
@@ -218,11 +241,68 @@ bool Ed::handle(std::string cmd, bool eof) {
         }
         if (!file)
           throw ed_error("Error writing to file.");
+        save_path = path;
         modified = false;
       }
       if (!suppress_mode)
         std::cout << bytes << std::endl;
     } break;
+    case Command::Type::Edit: {
+      if (modified && !was_editing) {
+        editing = true;
+        throw ed_error("Buffer modified.");
+      }
+      std::string path = command.argument;
+      if (path.empty()) {
+        path = save_path;
+        if (path.empty())
+          throw ed_error("Need file to read from.");
+      }
+      if (path[0] == '!') {
+        path.erase(1);
+        Vase new_vase(std::string(path), "/tmp");
+        vase = std::move(new_vase);
+        modified = true;
+      } else {
+        Vase new_vase(std::filesystem::path(path), "/tmp");
+        vase = std::move(new_vase);
+        save_path = path;
+        modified = false;
+      }
+      line = vase.lines();
+      if (!suppress_mode)
+        std::cout << vase.length() << std::endl;
+    } break;
+    case Command::Type::ForceEdit: {
+      std::string path = command.argument;
+      if (path.empty()) {
+        path = save_path;
+        if (path.empty())
+          throw ed_error("Need file to read from.");
+      }
+      if (path[0] == '!') {
+        path.erase(0, 1);
+        Vase new_vase(std::string(path), "/tmp");
+        vase = std::move(new_vase);
+        modified = true;
+      } else {
+        Vase new_vase(std::filesystem::path(path), "/tmp");
+        vase = std::move(new_vase);
+        save_path = path;
+        modified = false;
+      }
+      line = vase.lines();
+      std::fill(std::begin(marks), std::end(marks), '\0');
+      if (!suppress_mode)
+        std::cout << vase.length() << std::endl;
+    } break;
+    case Command::Type::Filename: {
+      std::string path = command.argument;
+      if (path.empty())
+        throw ed_error("No filename given.");
+      save_path = path;
+      std::cout << save_path.string() << std::endl;
+    } break;
     case Command::Type::Dump:
       Shard::dump(vase.root);
       break;
diff --git a/src/commands/ed/parsers/command.cc b/src/commands/ed/parsers/command.cc
index 4063ba4..dd8d503 100644
--- a/src/commands/ed/parsers/command.cc
+++ b/src/commands/ed/parsers/command.cc
@@ -79,6 +79,10 @@ Command Ed::parse(std::string cmd, bool eof) {
     command.type = Command::Type::Append;
     i++;
     break;
+  case 'i':
+    command.type = Command::Type::Insert;
+    i++;
+    break;
   case 'c':
     command.type = Command::Type::Change;
     i++;
@@ -98,6 +102,39 @@ Command Ed::parse(std::string cmd, bool eof) {
       throw ed_error("Invalid command.");
     command.argument = cmd.substr(i);
     return command;
+  case 'e':
+    command.type = Command::Type::Edit;
+    i++;
+    if (i >= cmd.size())
+      return command;
+    if (cmd[i] == ' ' || cmd[i] == '\t')
+      skip_space();
+    else
+      throw ed_error("Invalid command.");
+    command.argument = cmd.substr(i);
+    return command;
+  case 'E':
+    command.type = Command::Type::ForceEdit;
+    i++;
+    if (i >= cmd.size())
+      return command;
+    if (cmd[i] == ' ' || cmd[i] == '\t')
+      skip_space();
+    else
+      throw ed_error("Invalid command.");
+    command.argument = cmd.substr(i);
+    return command;
+  case 'f':
+    command.type = Command::Type::Filename;
+    i++;
+    if (i >= cmd.size())
+      return command;
+    if (cmd[i] == ' ' || cmd[i] == '\t')
+      skip_space();
+    else
+      throw ed_error("Invalid command.");
+    command.argument = cmd.substr(i);
+    return command;
   case '#':
     command.type = Command::Type::Dump;
     i++;
diff --git a/src/internal/vase/shard.cc b/src/internal/vase/shard.cc
index 65abb2c..0132774 100644
--- a/src/internal/vase/shard.cc
+++ b/src/internal/vase/shard.cc
@@ -205,7 +205,112 @@ Shard *Shard::build(Shard **pieces, uint64_t lo, uint64_t hi) {
   return node;
 }
 
-Shard *Shard::from_file(std::filesystem::path path, OriginalBuffer *o, bool posix_ending) {
+static bool write_all(int fd, const void *data, size_t len) {
+  const char *p = static_cast<const char *>(data);
+  while (len > 0) {
+    ssize_t n = write(fd, p, len);
+    if (n > 0) {
+      p += n;
+      len -= (size_t)n;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (n == -1 && errno == EINTR)
+      continue;
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+Shard *Shard::from_command(const char *cmd, OriginalBuffer *o, bool posix_ending) {
+  int dest_fd = o->fd;
+  if (dest_fd == -1)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  FILE *pipe = popen(cmd, "r");
+  if (!pipe)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  std::vector<Shard *> pieces;
+  pieces.reserve(16);
+
+  uint64_t pos = 0;
+  char buf[PETAL_SIZE_MAX];
+  uint64_t buf_cursor = 0;
+
+  char ending[2] = {'\0', '\0'};
+
+  while (true) {
+    size_t got = fread(buf + buf_cursor, 1, sizeof(buf) - buf_cursor, pipe);
+    buf_cursor += got;
+
+    if (buf_cursor == PETAL_SIZE_MAX || feof(pipe)) {
+      if (buf_cursor == 0)
+        break;
+      uint64_t lines = 0;
+      const char *p = buf;
+      const char *end = p + buf_cursor;
+      while (p < end) {
+        const void *nl = memchr(p, '\n', end - p);
+        if (!nl)
+          break;
+        lines++;
+        p = (const char *)nl + 1;
+      }
+      if (buf_cursor >= 2) {
+        ending[0] = buf[buf_cursor - 2];
+        ending[1] = buf[buf_cursor - 1];
+      } else if (buf_cursor == 1) {
+        ending[0] = ending[1];
+        ending[1] = buf[0];
+      }
+      if (!write_all(dest_fd, buf, buf_cursor)) {
+        pclose(pipe);
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+      pieces.push_back(new Petal(buf_cursor, lines, o, pos));
+      pos += buf_cursor;
+    }
+    if (feof(pipe))
+      break;
+    if (ferror(pipe))
+      return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  int status = pclose(pipe);
+  if (status == -1)
+    return nullptr;
+  if (!WIFEXITED(status) || WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  if (pieces.empty())
+    return nullptr;
+
+  if (posix_ending) {
+    if (ending[1] == '\n') {
+      Petal *last = (Petal *)pieces.back();
+      last->lines--;
+      last->length--;
+      if (last->length == 0) {
+        Shard::release(last);
+        pieces.pop_back();
+        last = nullptr;
+        if (!pieces.empty())
+          last = (Petal *)pieces.back();
+      }
+      if (last && ending[0] == '\r')
+        last->length--;
+    }
+  }
+
+  o->initialize();
+
+  if (pieces.size() == 1)
+    return pieces[0];
+
+  return build(pieces.data(), 0, pieces.size());
+}
+
+Shard *Shard::from_file(std::filesystem::path &path, OriginalBuffer *o, bool posix_ending) {
   int dest_fd = o->fd;
   if (dest_fd == -1)
     return nullptr;
@@ -216,17 +321,22 @@ Shard *Shard::from_file(std::filesystem::path path, OriginalBuffer *o, bool posi
   uint64_t total = std::filesystem::file_size(path);
   if (posix_ending && total > 0) {
     char last;
-    char s_last;
     if (pread(src_fd, &last, 1, (off_t)(total - 1)) != 1)
       return nullptr;
-    if (pread(src_fd, &s_last, 1, (off_t)(total - 2)) != 1)
-      return nullptr;
     if (last == '\n') {
       total--;
-      if (s_last == '\r')
-        total--;
+      if (total > 0) {
+        char s_last;
+        if (pread(src_fd, &s_last, 1, (off_t)(total - 1)) != 1)
+          return nullptr;
+        if (s_last == '\r')
+          total--;
+      }
     }
   }
+  if (total == 0)
+    return nullptr;
+
   std::vector<Shard *> pieces;
   uint64_t pos = 0;
   pieces.reserve((total + PETAL_SIZE_MAX - 1) / PETAL_SIZE_MAX);
@@ -250,8 +360,7 @@ Shard *Shard::from_file(std::filesystem::path path, OriginalBuffer *o, bool posi
       lines++;
       p = (const char *)nl + 1;
     }
-    ssize_t written = write(dest_fd, buf, take);
-    if (written != (ssize_t)take) {
+    if (!write_all(dest_fd, buf, take)) {
       close(src_fd);
       return nullptr;
     }
diff --git a/src/internal/vase/vase.cc b/src/internal/vase/vase.cc
index 86d923a..0a9ea3b 100644
--- a/src/internal/vase/vase.cc
+++ b/src/internal/vase/vase.cc
@@ -16,12 +16,78 @@ Vase::Vase(std::filesystem::path path, std::filesystem::path swapdir)
   Shard::retain(root);
 }
 
+Vase::Vase(std::string cmd, std::filesystem::path swapdir)
+    : path(""), swapdir(swapdir) {
+  if (!std::filesystem::exists(swapdir) || !std::filesystem::is_directory(swapdir))
+    throw std::runtime_error("Swap directory does not exist or is not a directory.");
+  append = new AppendBuffer(swapdir);
+  original = new OriginalBuffer(swapdir);
+  root = Shard::from_command(cmd.c_str(), original, posix_ending);
+  history_top = 0;
+  history.push_back(root);
+  Shard::retain(root);
+}
+
+Vase::Vase(std::filesystem::path swapdir)
+    : path(""), swapdir(swapdir) {
+  if (!std::filesystem::exists(swapdir) || !std::filesystem::is_directory(swapdir))
+    throw std::runtime_error("Swap directory does not exist or is not a directory.");
+  append = new AppendBuffer(swapdir);
+  original = new OriginalBuffer(swapdir);
+  root = nullptr;
+  history_top = 0;
+  history.push_back(root);
+  Shard::retain(root);
+}
+
 Vase::~Vase() {
   Shard::release(root);
+  for (auto s : history)
+    Shard::release(s);
+  if (original)
+    delete original;
+  if (append)
+    delete append;
+}
+
+Vase::Vase(Vase &&other) noexcept
+    : original(other.original),
+      append(other.append),
+      root(other.root),
+      posix_ending(other.posix_ending),
+      using_crlf(other.using_crlf),
+      path(std::move(other.path)),
+      swapdir(std::move(other.swapdir)),
+      history(std::move(other.history)),
+      history_top(other.history_top) {
+  other.original = nullptr;
+  other.append = nullptr;
+  other.root = nullptr;
+  other.history_top = 0;
+}
+
+Vase &Vase::operator=(Vase &&other) noexcept {
+  if (this == &other)
+    return *this;
+  Shard::release(root);
   for (auto s : history)
     Shard::release(s);
   delete original;
   delete append;
+  original = other.original;
+  append = other.append;
+  root = other.root;
+  posix_ending = other.posix_ending;
+  using_crlf = other.using_crlf;
+  path = std::move(other.path);
+  swapdir = std::move(other.swapdir);
+  history = std::move(other.history);
+  history_top = other.history_top;
+  other.original = nullptr;
+  other.append = nullptr;
+  other.root = nullptr;
+  other.history_top = 0;
+  return *this;
 }
 
 uint64_t Vase::length() {
@@ -108,16 +174,21 @@ void Vase::snapshot() {
 }
 
 void Vase::prune_history(uint64_t n) {
-  n = std::min(n, history_top);
-  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+  uint64_t keep = std::min(history.size(), n + 1);
+  if (keep == history.size())
+    return;
+  uint64_t remove = history.size() - keep;
+  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < remove; ++i)
     Shard::release(history[i]);
-  history.erase(history.begin(), history.begin() + n);
-  history_top -= n;
+  history.erase(history.begin(), history.begin() + remove);
+  history_top -= remove;
 }
 
 bool Vase::save() {
   if (!root)
     return true;
+  if (path == "")
+    return false;
   std::ofstream file(path, std::ios::binary);
   if (!file)
     return false;